An international research team, including academics from The Open University, have discovered new genes that determine the shape of a person’s facial profile.
Researchers identified 32 gene regions that affect our facial features such as the nose, lip, jaw, and brow shape. Nine of these were gene regions never known before, while the other 23 validated gene discoveries with limited evidence.
The team believe this is the first time a gene inherited from ancient humans is associated with a facial feature in modern humans.
The research may help in studies concerning genetic disorders that lead to facial abnormalities and provide further understanding of the evolution of facial appearances in both humans and other animals.
Genes linked to ancient humans
TBX15 gene linked to ancient humans
In the study published in Science Advances, researchers analysed data from more than 6,000 volunteers across Latin America. The team found that one of the genes appears to have been inherited from the Denisovans, an extinct group of ancient humans who lived tens of thousands of years ago.
Researchers discovered that the gene, TBX15, which contributes to lip shape, was linked with genetic data found in the Denisovan people, providing a clue to the gene’s origin. The Denisovans lived in central Asia, and other studies suggest they interbred with modern humans, as some of their DNA lives on in Pacific Islanders and Native Americans.
Dr Kaustubh Adhikari, co-corresponding author and lecturer in statistics at The Open University, said:
“The face shape genes we found may have been the product of evolution as ancient humans evolved to adapt to their environments. Possibly, the version of the gene determining lip shape that was present in the Denisovans could have helped in body fat distribution to make them better suited to the cold climates of Central Asia, and was passed on to modern humans when the two groups met and interbred.”
Dr Pierre Faux, co-first author and postdoctoral researcher at Aix-Marseille University, said:
“To our knowledge this is the first time that a version of a gene inherited from ancient humans is associated with a facial feature in modern humans. In this case, it was only possible because we moved beyond Eurocentric research; modern-day Europeans do not carry any DNA from the Denisovans, but Native Americans do.”
Co-first author Betty Bonfante, of Aix-Marseille University, added:
“It is one of only a few studies looking for genes affecting the face in a non-European population, and the first one to focus on the profile only.”
Understanding human evolution
Researchers have only been able to analyse complex genetic data from thousands of people at once over the last two decades, since the mapping of the human genome enabled the use of genome-wide association studies to find correlations between traits and genes. This study compared genetic information from the study participants with characteristics of their face shape, quantified with 59 measurements (distances, angles and ratios between set points) from photos of the participants’ faces in profile.
Co-corresponding author Professor Andres Ruiz-Linares, of Fudan University, UCL Genetics, Evolution & Environment, and Aix-Marseille University, said: “Research like this can provide basic biomedical insights and help us understand how humans evolved.”
The findings of this research could help understand the developmental processes that determine facial features, which will help researchers studying genetic disorders that lead to facial abnormalities.
The results also contribute to the understanding of the evolution of facial appearance in human and other species. One of the newly discovered genes found in this study is VPS13B, which influenced nose pointiness; the researchers also found that this gene affects nose structure in mice, indicating a broadly shared genetic basis among distantly related mammal species.
